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Interrelations and interactions between the mechanical and thermodynamic design, material properties, and steam and deposit chemistry are discussed and recommendations and corrosion design rules and requirements pertinent to turbine corrosion are given.
Steam Turbine Corrosion
This paper gives information on the problem of copper deposition leading to MW and efficiency loss occurring in steam cycles and available solutions.
Copper Deposition and MW Loss:  Problem and its Solution
This article describes typical turbine corrosion problems and the monitoring techniques used to predict, prevent, and troubleshoot them.  The effects of corrosion on turbine efficiency are covered.
Steam Turbine Problems and Their Field Monitoring
Corrosion
Countering corrosion in boilers, steam turbines, condensers, HRSGs, and other steam- or water-handling equipment is best done during the design phase.
Designing Steam Cycles to Avoid Corrosion
Possible material, fabrication, design, and operation and water chemistry effects and stress courses are discussed in relation to deaerator and storage tank weld corrosion cracking.
Deaerator Corrosion:  An Overview of the Design, Operation,
Experience and R&D
Thinning of pipe walls and corrosion of other components in high-purity feedwater and steam systems can have catastrophic consequences.  Take time to review the problem and apply some important preventive steps.
Plant Alert:  Don't Let Erosion-Corrosion Compromise Safety
The combined phenomenon reduces the integrity of piping and major cycle components, and is a prime contributor to sludge and crud buildup in both drum boilers and nuclear steam systems.
Control of Erosion-Corrosion of Steels in Wet Steam
This paper summarizes problems and solutions identified during over 100 root cause analyses and plant audits of fossil fuel utility and industrial power plants, including combined cycle units.
Corrosion and Water Chemistry Problems in Steam Systems
Chemical-transport characteristics are important in selecting a water treatment program, establishing chemistry control limits, managing the ingress and removal of impurities, and troubleshooting water treatment problems.
Understanding Steam Cycle Chemistry
Presents an outline of cycle commissioning guidelines and a brief description of selected case histories where delays of commercial operation and equipment damage resulted from insuffieient water chemistry-related commissioning.
Cycle Chemistry Commissioning
Cycle Chemistry
In any steam cycle, more damage can be initiated during pre-commissioning, commissioning, and early operation, than during the following years of normal operation.
Tight Control of Cycle Chemistry Key to Successful Commissioning
Background on water chemistry and corrosion is given and sources of impurities, selection of water treatment, transport of chemicals around the cycle, and the selection of sample points and monitored parameters are discussed.
Effective Cycle Chemistry Control
This article gives the technical basis for selection of water treatment programs and summarizes the common water treatments used in utility and industrial steam systems.
Current Water Treatment Practices:  Utility and Industrial Steam Systems
This paper discusses the main water chemistry and corrosion processes and problems associated with steam generation which are not sufficiently understood.
Water Chemistry and Corrosion:  Missing Knowledge
Phosphate hideout can result in changes of pH, as well as the concentrations of phosphate and other chemical species in the boiler water.
Phosphate Hideout
To help power plant operators and chemists to control cycle chemistry and corrosion, EPRI developed ChemExpert, an expert system based on EPRI Guidelines and experience.
EPRI ChemExpert:  Cycle Chemistry Advisor for Fossil Power Plants
To protect steam generation and other water and steam-handling equipment against corrosion, the concentration of corrosive impurities must be low.
Nitrogen Sparging and Blanketing of Water Storage Tanks
New experimental data and theoretical considerations indicate that moisture droplet nucleation in steam turbines is a mixed heterogeneous-homogeneous mechanism and that steam chemistry has strong effects.
Condensation in Steam Turbines:  New Theories and Data
Because power plant operating decisions often rely on water and steam chemistry information, a properly designed and operated water and steam sampling system must be in place to ensure accurate sampling data.
Sampling Savvy
Results of a two year research project, the objective of which was to develop and field test a sampling system for superheated steam in fossil plants, are presented.  The project included a survey of steam sampling priorities, a study of the role of particulate and scale magnetite in transporting steam impurities, analysis of deposition in steam sampling nozzles and tubing, development of design rules, and a construction and verification of the new sampling system.
Development of a Steam Sampling System
Summary of common analytical and sampling errors, criteria for sampling, and a checklist for QA/QC procedures.
QA/QC for Sampling and Analysis
Sampling
Reviews the current state of monitoring water and steam chemistry, scale and deposits, and corrosion in steam plants.
Monitoring of Steam Plants
To quantitatively determine the moisture content and size distribution of water droplets, a new type of test using a continuous inline Particle/Droplet Monitor was performed at the compressor station of the South Georgia Natural Gas Company.
Continuous Monitoring of Water Droplets in Natural Gas
To adequately analyze operational or design changes made to the steam gathering system, an accurate and on-line means of measuring the impurity levels is highly desired.  This paper describes the method used at a California plant for monitoring and improving the purity of the steam delivered.
Measuring Steam Impurities in a Geothermal Pipeline System
Monitoring
Summarizes current safety issues in fossil utility and industrial steam cycles.  Only the already experienced problems associated with the water and steam handling equipment are included.  There are other safety issues such as furnace explosions, fire hazards, coal and other fuel handling, electrical systems, lifting, transportation, and human errors which are not discussed here.
Safely Issues in Fossil Utility and Industrial Steam Systems
Safety
To monitor water and steam systems for the ingress of impurities and for the production and transport of corrosion products, the proper design of the sampling systems is critical in order to produce samples and analytical results that are representative of the samples stream.
Sampling of Steam and Water ((c) 2014 Chemical Engineering Magazine)
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Specializing in Sampling of Steam, Water, and Industrial Gases